Synthetic biology: new engineering rules for an emerging discipline

Synthetic biologists engineer complex artificial biological systems to investigate natural biological phenomena and for a variety of applications. We outline the basic features of synthetic biology as a new engineering discipline, covering examples from the latest literature and reflecting on the features that make it unique among all other existing engineering fields. We discuss methods for designing and constructing engineered cells with novel functions in a framework of an abstract hierarchy of biological devices, modules, cells, and multicellular systems. The classical engineering strategies of standardization, decoupling, and abstraction will have to be extended to take into account the inherent characteristics of biological devices and modules. To achieve predictability and reliability, strategies for engineering biology must include the notion of cellular context in the functional definition of devices and modules, use rational redesign and directed evolution for system optimization, and focus on accomplishing tasks using cell populations rather than individual cells. The discussion brings to light issues at the heart of designing complex living systems and provides a trajectory for future development

Engineering biology?: exploring rhetoric, practice, constraints and collaborations within a synthetic biology research centre

Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork within a UK academic synthetic biology research centre, and 22 interviews with its inhabitants, this paper explores the ways in which the application of an engineering approach to biology is understood, spoken about, and enacted by a group of synthetic biologists. Motivated by the idea of producing 'interesting', 'useful', and above all, 'industrialisable' biological 'products', these synthetic biologists are attempting to adhere to a rational design cycle of work while embracing ideas and concepts drawn from an idealised notion of engineering. In this paper, I show that attempting to bring engineers and biologists together in order to take an 'engineering approach' to biology has impacted on the way these collective synthetic biologists speak about biology (as something that can be engineered) and undertake their day-to-day work, affecting the questions they ask, the experiments they conduct, the models they produce, and the data they collect. However, as this paper discusses, their collaborative approach to working comes with both compromises and constraints